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Study on turf courses: Development of an antifreeze agent for
turf courses
(2006-2008)
A search was made via the patent literature
search system to ascertain the present situation concerning antifreeze
agents, but no antifreeze agents that are safe for plants could
be found. Therefore, chemical agents were selected from the formulae
found in patent literature, existing antifreeze agents, antifreeze
liquid, etc., and their influence on Italian rye grass was surveyed
at a -10ｰC antifreeze concentration.
As a result, it was eventually possible to make a patent application
for four types of chemical mixture by combining two different
agents. Furthermore, on studying the mixing ratios of three or
more chemical agents in detail, it was possible to develop two
mixtures as antifreeze agents for turf that are even safer and
more effective on Italian rye grass than the mixtures mentioned
above. Meanwhile, as a dedicated device for spreading antifreeze
on turf courses, a lightweight antifreeze spreader that can spread
antifreeze evenly over large areas of turf in a short time was
developed.
Studies on turf tracks: Trait
characterization of Zoysia japonica variants (2003-2006)
Purpose
Winter
overseeding (W.O.S.) was first introduced in the Hanshin and
Nakayama Racecourses in 1992. Since then, there has been a growing
demand for base Zoysia japonica that can coexist with
W.O.S. and has traits that differ from the growth conditions
conventionally required of single-seeded tracks (such as quick
recovery after W.O.S. removal work, and germination of imported
grasses in the autumn). Meanwhile, the various racecourses have
different meteorological conditions and race schedules. Therefore,
we studied the growth properties of 449 strains of Zoysia
japonica that are preserved and growth-managed in ERI test
fields, with a view to adapting them to the different purposes
of Zoysia japonica in the various racecourses (W.O.S.
and single seeding). The results will be used as basic material
for selecting the base Zoysia japonica that is suited
to W.O.S.
Results
1.
We used a total of 68 strains, consisting of 51 strains of Zoysia
japonica preserved by the ERI test fields, as well as 7 strains
of Zoysia matrella preserved by the ERI test fields, 4
strains of Zoysia japonica from Tsukuba, Awara, Kanoya
and Gotenba used on turf tracks, 6 commercially marketed strains
(El Toro, Tsukuba Green, Himeno, Asagake, Asamoe and Hayato),
and finally a new grass variety (Equineturf) registered in the
JRA. For these, we evaluated the speed of runner growth in the
first year after planting followed by a visual scoring survey
over three years starting in the second year, and mainly surveyed
the growth characteristics of these strains as turf by measuring
the dry weight and number of the various organs of the grass.
2.
We evaluated the speed of growth of runners in the first year
after planting according to increases in the growth index (measurement
of number of squares, 10_10 cm) and covering ratio (average covering
ratio of each square). As a result, strain No. 232 showed the
most conspicuous growth. However, on subsequent evaluation of
turf quality, seven of the top ten strains with the quickest
growth received low evaluations, as well as receiving low evaluation
for divot recovery. It therefore became clear that evaluation
according to the speed of growth in the first year after planting,
as has been customary in most surveys until now, is not necessarily
appropriate.
3.
In the visual scoring survey, 16 strains were characterized as
strains with good grade, adding 1 strain to the 15 strains with
good grade judged until 2005. This was a strain for which evaluation
has improved since 2005.
4.
In a growth survey conducted by digging out the various organs
of Zoysia japonica, the dry weight of Zoysia japonica
tended to increase over each of the three years, revealing
that it was still in the growth phase. Moreover, the characteristics
of the strains with good grade were revealed by the dry weight
of underground parts rather than by the number of erect stems.
5.
On investigating the strength of divot recovery, this was found
not to reflect the growth volume of runners in the first year
after planting in 2003. While strains with good grade tended
to show quick recovery, some other strains also showed quick
recovery strength.
6.
The strains with good grade included some that showed exceptionally
low shear resistance, and as a characteristic of these, the tendency
for runners to be imbedded deep underground was suggested. From
these results, it was thought possible that they are equipped
with advantageous conditions for mixed planting of Zoysia
japonica and cool-season turf grass (Italian ryegrass).
Studies on maintenance method
for new Polytrack (2004-2006)
Purpose
In
a track property survey conducted between 1997 and 1999, Polytrack
(PT) was found to be promising as an all-weather training course
material that can help prevent injuries to racehorses. However,
some issues remained unresolved, such as how to prevent the compaction
of base-course asphalt concrete that causes a reduction in drainage
functions, how to dispose of PT material, and so on. Now, a new
generation Ecotrack (ET) material, improved by changing the material
composition from PT material to new Polytrack (NPT) material,
has appeared on the market. The aim of this study was to investigate
the properties of this NPT material.
Results
1.
In an investigation of environmental impact, the following substances
exceeded Ibaraki Prefecture Pollution Control Regulations in
some cases, depending on conditions: suspended matter in water
and heat extraction fluid of the materials used; extraction material
of n-hexane; copper; and phosphorus. However, the other pollution
control items were within acceptable standards, and we proved
that even those that exceeded the standard values were diluted
to below those values through convergence of effluence from the
Miho TC as a whole.
2.
On investigating methods of waste disposal, etc., we proved
that incineration in intermediate treatment facilities and landfill
in final disposal facilities were possible in both Training Centers.
However, the cost of transportation, incineration and disposal
proved to be high at around 50,000 yen per ton, and therefore
further study is needed in this aspect.
3.
Continuing from last year, we conducted indoor tests in the warm-up
paddocks at both Training Centers. These included 1) observation
surveys, e.g. observation of surface and base-course after
use for training, 2) weight falling tests, 3) density tests,
4) permeation tests, 5) tests for measurement of sand thickness
in situ, and 6) grading tests. (PT was modified to NPT at Miho
TC in 2004 and to ET at Ritto TC in 2006.) As a result, 1) Permeable
sheets should be laid on base-courses that lack such sheets,
since those base-courses were nearly all in a non-permeable state.
2) While the various test data showed little change from last
year, time-lapse changes in properties were seen as a result
of contamination with extraneous matter, management, etc. Also,
tracks at Miho TC were being managed more rigorously than Ritto
TC (NPT material). 3) There is no particular problem with the
method of maintenance and management currently employed (such
as removing extraneous matter, repairs to unevenness, a depth
of around 5-7cm, and light rolling compaction).
We
also obtained basic data necessary for an NPT recycling system.
Namely, we were able to select a surface active agent that can
separate the wax that bonds silica sand to electric wire coating
tube (granu). Nevertheless, problems still remained with the
treatment of waste fluid after separation. Finally, as deterioration
indices to determine the timing of modification, it was possible
to use the increase in minute grain, the increase in suspended
substances and the decrease in saturated hydraulic conductivity.
Survey of the soil moisture
behavior of turf tracks (2004-2006)
Purpose
Automatic
sprinklers are commonly used to water turf tracks, with the timing
and volume of sprinkling being dictated by past experience. There
is, however, no clear justification for the timing and volume
of water sprinkling. We therefore measured the soil moisture
behavior of turf tracks using the pF value, which is closely
related to the water absorbency of plants, to obtain basic data
for more efficient methods of watering.
Results
1.
To achieve efficient watering management of turf tracks, we need
to make accurate measurements of soil moisture and at the same
time clarify the relationship between the growth of Zoysia
japonica and soil moistuTDB file
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